Creating value now

8/9/2010 - “It's only when the tide goes out that you learn who's been swimming naked."

This oft-cited quote, attributed to billionaire investor Warren Buffett, is particularly appropriate for today's private equity industry, which is trying to find its footing after a prolonged recession and the subsequent erosion of the capital markets.

Just a few years ago, readily available debt allowed private equity firms to engineer expensive deals using high amounts of leverage, hold their assets for a few years, and then sell or take them public for outsized returns. They frequently maintained a hands-off approach that called for little more than sophisticated financial modeling.

Not so today. In 2009, the private equity industry closed its worst year since 2003, posting a 68 percent decline in dollars raised at $96.8 billion, according to figures from Dow Jones LP Source. The number of deals moving through the pipeline has slowed; transactions that do get pushed through take significantly longer to close as skittish buyers broaden their due diligence.

The new, more cautious environment has stripped away the flash and dash of financial engineering. It is now requiring firms to deliver value to their investors the old-fashioned way, by investing prudently in companies with the potential to grow and applying well-studied improvements that foster better returns.

Drawing on a comprehensive education that emphasizes holistic training in business management and a strong grounding in finance, Kellogg alumni appear particularly well positioned to ride out the storm of a private equity market characterized by consolidation and a high rate of collapse in the post-meltdown economy.

In fact, some Kellogg graduates are uncovering hidden investment opportunities in overlooked markets, buying growth businesses and using their foundational management skills to deploy practical strategies on everything from sales and marketing to sourcing and operating tactics that enhance companies' bottom lines.

Scott D. Evans '99, managing partner with Guardian Capital Partners, sees significant potential in the lower-middle market, a segment frequently passed over during private equity's recent heyday.

"Private equity today has changed. You have to operate businesses; you have to make them better; you have to have a long-term view in value creation," says Scott D. Evans '99, managing partner with Guardian Capital Partners. "You can't flip a business as easily as you did in the past."

Evans, whose firm manages a $50 million investment fund, sees significant potential in the lower-middle market, a segment frequently passed over during private equity's recent heyday as firms moved upstream to chase bigger deals on the promise of higher fees and more lucrative exit strategies.

Evans founded Guardian Capital Partners with two partners in February 2008 after cutting his teeth at private equity giant Cerberus Capital Management. The Philadelphia-based firm seeks controlling positions in companies with less than $100 million in revenue. "We look for healthy companies that are sub-optimized, doing well but that could do better," he says. "Maybe there's not enough management in place, maybe there's not enough guidance or governance, or maybe there's not enough capital. We make sure we bring our operational and strategic toolkit with us, as well as our financial toolkit."

Guardian Capital Partners' first investment — a privately held teleservices company called Corporate Call Center — demonstrates the impact that a well-researched, hands-on approach to private equity investing can have on a portfolio company's results.

Pennsylvania-based Corporate Call Center specializes in handling complicated technical calls from elderly callers regarding Medicare enrollments and customer service; its clients include a variety of healthcare organizations. The company had grown steadily over the course of 10 years, based largely on referrals. But the founders lacked the experience needed to take the company to the next level, even as they saw their opportunities for growth increasing — such as a trend among large corporations to return call centers to domestic turf. And their original investors remained more interested in collecting quarterly dividends than taking financial risks to expand the business.

After purchasing a majority stake, Guardian Capital Partners spent considerable time on site, getting to know Corporate Call Center's operations. The firm helped to develop a strategic plan, overhauling sales and marketing, and identifying ways to optimize resources. Within the first year, margins improved by 3 percentage points. The company is now on track to quadruple sales within five years, helped by a push into insurance and financial services — two additional markets that depend on highly skilled call technicians.

"We had grown really fast and I didn't have the infrastructure in place to support that," says Claudia Timbo, the company's co-founder and CEO. "They did a very good, deep dive in the first 100 days of their ownership in terms of putting processes in place. They met with all of our people. I could go to them if I had problems and challenges."

A holistic approach

The skills required to stand back, evaluate all sides of a business with a critical eye and then execute solutions have been integral to the Kellogg curriculum throughout the school's history, says Mitchell Petersen, the Glen Vasel Professor of Finance and director of the Heizer Center for Private Equity and Venture Capital. These days, they are considered a competitive advantage in the world of private equity investing.

"We've been teaching with a certain philosophy for the last 20 or 30 years," Petersen says. "What's happened is that the world has changed and it's come around to our model."

Kellogg's current curriculum demonstrates ample evidence of this approach. In Petersen's corporate finance classes, for example, students are expected to come to the table with a working knowledge of marketing, operations and human resources, areas that must be carefully considered when making decisions that have an impact on a company's capital structure.

"The way we weave together ideas from different disciplines, that's where we're adding value," Petersen says.

Meanwhile, the school has created more opportunities for interested students to acquire working knowledge of the highly guarded private equity industry. As part of its core offerings, Kellogg provides laboratory courses in private equity and venture capital investing, requiring participants to spend 10-week stints at private equity or venture capital firms where they gain invaluable experience.

Students can also opt to participate in periodic group treks to survey the current investment landscape, where they tour a variety of firms in select U.S. cities or abroad.

The annual Kellogg Private Equity and Venture Capital Conference, coordinated entirely by students, brings top-name practitioners to campus. And the school's investment club allows MBA candidates to pool their industry knowledge, building on the shared learning style for which Kellogg has long been recognized.

"The Kellogg experience is a good starting point to see how teams work together and what cohesive management looks like," says Heather Smith Thorne ’06, vice president of Thoma Bravo. "You really do draw on that experience."

Once in the field, the collaborative approach continues to influence alums' investment decisions. Team-building, for one, is a skill frequently called upon to ensure that the goals of an investment firm and its holding companies are in sync, says Beth Hoffman '97, a principal at Boston-based private equity firm Berkshire Partners.

The firm, which manages $6.5 billion in committed capital, typically invests $50 million to $500 million in industries ranging from retailing to transportation, energy and industrial manufacturing, delivering top-quartile returns to investors.

"There's a lot of consensus building. People issues are very material in all of this," she says, stressing the need to establish strong partnerships with operating management at portfolio companies or to install new leaders when necessary. "If you don't have the people, a great plan goes nowhere."

Heather Smith Thorne '06, a vice president at longstanding Chicago-based private equity firm Thoma Bravo, concurs. Thoma Bravo manages some $4 billion in committed capital, often employing a "buy and build" strategy within consolidating industries such as software, financial services and education.

"The Kellogg experience is a good starting point to see how teams work together and what cohesive management looks like," she says, noting the importance of training in human resources and organizational behavior. "You really do draw on that experience."

Thorne spends much of her time leveraging relationships outside the firm to help uncover deals in unlikely places. One such transaction took place in January, when Thoma Bravo purchased three San Diego radio stations from Finest City Broadcasting in partnership with Broadcast Company of the Americas. The firm took on Finest City's debt and acquired the company and its assets through a foreclosure sale.

"We started sourcing the deal from senior lenders, which was new for us," Thorne says. "We're value investors and we're seeking value, but we're changing our route there a little bit more."

As a former executive of Kraft Foods, Andrew S. Whitman ’93 applies his food sector expertise to his current role as managing partner of 2x Consumer Products Growth Partners.

Today's more active investment approach also requires extensive industry expertise. Increasingly, financiers are entering the field with longstanding knowledge of a specific industry, experience that allows them to evaluate the operational merits of potential investments accurately and strategize adeptly on behalf of existing holdings.

Former longtime Kraft Foods executive Andrew S. Whitman '93 is one such practitioner. Over the years, Whitman ran several of Kraft's smaller brands, cultivating a shirt-sleeves management style. He not only gained extensive knowledge of the food sector, but considerable exposure to the private equity and M&A markets.

Today, Whitman applies his industry expertise, along with valuable investment connections and related resources, as managing partner of Chicago's 2x Consumer Products Growth Partners. The firm provides growth capital to branded consumer businesses in expanding markets such as pet care, organic foods and specialty beverages.

"I talk about what we do as 'industry help that comes with a bucket of cash,'" says Whitman, whose firm relies on its industry veterans to step in and assist portfolio companies with everything from accounting to the development of sales and marketing campaigns.

"Our whole team is from the industry, some small company, some big company," he says. "We're all consumer products folks."

Elsewhere in the private equity field, Kellogg-trained practitioners are employing similar high-touch tactics to boost the value of their holdings, a trend they say is bound to continue. In the post-recessionary economy, there is little chance of delivering returns from poorly run businesses.

"Near-death experiences have a way of changing things," says Laird Koldyke '89, managing director of Chicago-based Winona Capital Management, which specializes in lower-middle-market companies in sectors such as niche consumer goods, leisure products and educational services.

"The ability to simply pay up and use leverage — those days are gone," he says. "You really need to know what you're doing today to make investments."