MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATIONS
Richard L. Thomas Professor of Leadership and Organizational Change
Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, McCormick School
Professor of Sociology, Weinberg College
Co-Director, Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO)
To read more about Professor Brian Uzzi's research and teaching, click on the Personal Page link listed to the right or go to: www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/uzzi
- Recent Media Coverage
ABC News: Social Networking Brings New Rules at Work - 1/21/2010
Wall Street Journal: More Scientists Treat Experiments as a Team Sport - 11/20/2009
Forbes.com: Innovation As A Team Sport - 8/18/2009
Economist Intelligence Unit: Executive Briefing: The price of a billable hour - 8/12/2009
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- Recent Kellogg News
Kellogg EMBA women ‘superconnect’ for success - 2/12/2008
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A response by Stefan Wuchty to a letter to the editor about the mechanisms and interpretations of letters is presented.
In this introductory note, we describe the motivation for this special issue on complex systems. We begin by noting the potential management opportunities offered by recent advances in complexity science. After defining the nature of complex systems and the many ways they are expressed in organizations and markets, we briefly describe the main tools and concepts of complexity theory. We close with a brief review of the articles in this issue and their relevance to the interests and concerns of managers.
We have used 19.9 million papers over 5 decades and 2.1 million patents to demonstrate that teams increasingly dominate solo authors in the production of knowledge. Research is increasingly done in teams across virtually all fields. Teams typically produce more highly cited research than individuals do, and this advantage is increasing over time. Teams now also produce the exceptionally high impact research, even where that distinction was once the domain of solo authors. These results are detailed for the sciences and engineering, social sciences, arts and humanities, and patents, suggesting that the process of knowledge creation has fundamentally changed.
Drawing on ILM, HRM, and new structuralist perspectives, we examine how organizational-based factors influence the intensity of two types of contingent worker use, fixed-duration contract hires and part-time employees, using a representative sample of UK establishments. Consistent with an organizational-based perspective, we find that the use of contingent workers depends on organizational-level structures which facilitate or inhibit the adoption of flexible employment strategies. Findings suggest that while firms seek to reduce their costs and increase their flexibility, their ability to capitalize on flexible employment systems depends heavily on organizational characteristics such as organization size and age, the quality of management-labor relations, governance structures, the organization of work, job control technology, and recruitment options that can promote or detail such use
The purpose of this work is to develop a systematic understanding of embeddedness and organization networks. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted at 23 entrepreneurial firms, I identify the components of embedded relationships and explicate the devices by which embeddedness shapes organizational and economic outcomes. The findings suggest that embeddedness is a logic of exchange that promotes economies of time, integrative agreements, Pareto improvements in allocative efficiency, and complex adaptation. These positive effects rise up to a threshold, however, after which embeddedness can derail economic performance by making firms vulnerable to exogenous shocks or insulating them from information that exists beyond their network. A framework is proposed that explains how these properties vary with the quality of social ties, the structure of the organization network, and an organization's structural position in the network.
Analysis of organizational decline has become central to the study of economy and society. Further advances in this area may fail however, because two major literatures on the topic remain disintegrated and because both lack a sophisticated account of how social structure and interdependencies among organizations affect decline. This paper develops a perspective which tries to overcome these problems. The perspective explains decline through an understanding of how social ties and resource dependencies among firms affect market structure and the resulting behavior of firms within it. Evidence is furnished that supports the assumptions of the perspective and provides a basis for specifying propositions about the effect of network structure on organizational survival. The perspective's implications for organizational theory and economic sociology are discussed..
In this paper, I attempt to advance the concept of embeddedness beyond the level of a programmatic statement by developing a formulation that specifies how embeddedness and network structure affect economic action. On the basis of existing theory and original ethnographies of 23 apparel firms, I develop a systematic scheme that more fully demarcates the unique features, functions, and sources of embeddedness. From this scheme, I derive a set of refutable implications and test their plausibility, using another data set on the network ties of all better dress apparel firms in the New York apparel economy. Results reveal that embeddedness is an exchange system with unique opportunities relative to markets and that firms organized in networks have higher survival chances than do firms which maintain arm's-length market relationships. The positive effect of embeddedness reaches a threshold, however, after which point the positive effect reverses itself.
This paper examines what determines the use of temporary workers and independent contractors in a variety of organizations. We hypothesize that four factors affect the use of externalized workers: employment costs, the external environment, organizational size and bureaucratization, and skill requirements. Data from a large sample of employers surveyed by the U.S. Department of Labor were used to test the hypotheses. Analyses showed that each factor affected the use of both temporary workers and independent contractors; however, the effects differed across the two types of workers. Firm-specific training, government oversight, bureaucratized employment practices, establishment size, and requirements for high levels of informational or technical skill had negative effects on organizations' use of temporary workers; variation in employment needs positively affected the use of temporary workers. Variation in employment needs, bureaucratized employment practices, establishment size, and being part of a multiple-site firm had positive effects on the use of independent contractors. We discuss the implications of these findings for the study of the employment relationship.
Describes a framework for conceptualizing, designing and managing planned social change-systems. Facilitation of the adoption of social innovations; Limitations of present planned change approaches; Nature of synergy in planned change systems; Target-specific change objective.
This course counts toward the following majors: Management & Organizations.
This course provides students with the social science tools needed to solve organizational problems and influence the actions of individuals, groups and organizations. It prepares managers to understand how to best organize and motivate the human capital of the firm, manage social networks and alliances, and execute strategic change. This is accomplished through knowledge of competitive decision making, reward system design, team building, strategic negotiation, political dynamics, corporate culture and strategic organizational design.
This course provides students with the social science tools needed to solve organizational problems and influence the actions of individuals, groups and organizations. It prepares managers to understand how to best organize and motivate the human capital of the firm, manage social networks and alliances, and execute strategic change. This is accomplished through knowledge of competitive decision making, reward system design, team building, strategic negotiation, political dynamics, corporate culture and strategic organizational design.
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