Do Formal Intellectual Property Rights Impact the Market for Scientific Credit?: Evidence from Patent-Paper Pairs

Cumulative scientific research depends on access to inputs associated with prior discoveries, such as databases, research tools and models, and organic materials. While follow-on researchers may be able to limit the price of access to these inputs to providing an appropriate citation, input developers may seek to use their control rights over such inputs to extract additional concessions from follow-on researchers, including co-authorship of follow-on research articles. By obtaining formal intellectual property rights over knowledge disclosed in scientific publications, input developers may seek to enhance their bargaining power in the market for scientific collaboration. One implication of such rent-seeking is the creation of