Introductory
Comments
(Inherently Incomplete, but a Start)
This
course is on leadership, management, and organizations. Our primary
focus will be on building our understanding of people and their
actions in organizational settings. As all sorts of behavior happen
in all sorts of organizations, our discussions will be open to
a variety of topics and a variety of organizations. In particular,
we will talk about two immediately important organizations: this
class and each of your study groups, with a major emphasis on
your study groups.
During
your time in the program, you may learn as much (or dare I say
more?) from each other as you will learn from your instructors.
Thus, you should think of your class as a Learning Organization
that is divided into a set of autonomous work groups (your study
groups). As with any organization, if we all work together and
everyone contributes to each other in class and in your study
groups, we can be very productive and educationally "profitable."
But like any organization and any group, this is easier said than
done, especially when effectiveness and efficiency are critically
important.
Since
this course is at the beginning of your program, it's the right
time to invest in your study groups. As a result, your most important
assignments and your group project will be focused on organizing
yourselves in your study groups. Investing in your study groups
now will help you maximize the benefits you obtain from your individual
and collective efforts and maximize your learning throughout the
entire program.
Our
three key topics, defined broadly, will be team building, negotiation,
and decision making. Although I am as biased as anyone else, it
is my belief that, if you have a vision that you can communicate,
you will be an outstanding leader if you have great skills in
these three areas. Anything that we can do to improve these three
skills will be tremendously beneficial, for all of us.
We
won't be able to cover everything I'd like to cover on leadership,
teams, bargaining, decisions, and organizations. But you will
have several other modules that will address these issues further.
Our primary goal in this course will be to get your study groups
ready for everything that the other instructors and I will throw
at you.
Our
class meetings
A
typical session will be active--I won't be lecturing all the time.
Instead, our meetings will typically revolve around an exercise
or a video clip (or both). After we discuss the exercises and
their ramifications, I may introduce some lecture material that
is designed to activate your minds. Our success will depend on
your getting involved and participating by sharing your expertise
and your reactions. If you learn from each other, you will make
the most out of the program. If you work together, you can insure
that you will get the absolute most out of your efforts. That
is the goal that we should work toward in this class and throughout
the program.
Every
class will depend on you for Argument and Discussion. I enjoy
a good argument. For me, Argument and Discussion are pretty much
the same thing. And just to be clear, it's argument about ideas
that work; it should never be personal. I hope that Argument and
Discussion, in this class, in your study groups, and elsewhere,
will convince you how valuable it can be.
An
essential contribution that I ask each of you to make is to treat
our exercises and games seriously. If you are at all frivolous
about what we do in the class, you will learn less and provide
less opportunity for others to learn. This does not mean you have
to be stern and not enjoy these exercises. Instead, it means that
you should take your roles seriously and take the exercises seriously.
You should try to do well and you should never demean either the
exercises or the people you are interacting with after the exercise
is over. Although we can't use real money in some of our exercises,
we will use it in others (I will make it clear which is which),
and you should always act as if it were for real. You should think
about your strategies and work hard to make sure they are appropriate
and effective. You should consider the consequences of your actions
within the framework of the exercise and what they might be in
other situations. After each exercise, we will discuss what happened
and why. Thus, to be clear about what I mean when I ask you to
take things seriously, if anyone justifies their tactics by saying
"it was just a game," I will ask that person to leave
the room for the rest of that class. You should do as well as
you can within the constraints of the situation--this is the best
you can do in any situation, whether it is one of the games we
play in class or one of the many games you play in other arenas.
Also,
in our debriefs, we will discuss what happened and why it happened.
We'll discuss strategies that worked and strategies that didn't.
If you should use a strategy that didn't work, I will ask you
about it and expect you to be open and willing to discuss it in
class. These exercises will probably be new to everyone. Thus,
people will make mistakes and use inappropriate strategies. By
delving into the thinking that led to a particular strategy, we
can correct the thinking and not let it interfere with future
negotiations. So I'm really not picking on you when I ask you
about your strategies. To learn as much as we can in this class,
we need to discuss not just what happened but why. We have a safe
environment in this class and we should both use it and protect
it. What we say in class should just be amongst us - we should
all agree to never tell stories that identify class members outside
the classroom, ever. These discussions will show how important
post mortems are to future strategies. They also provide us with
an opportunity to not only learn a lot about interesting situations
but also about ourselves.
Assignments
and Grades in Module One
I
have designed the course to reward hard work--although I realize
that there might be other demands on your time. I have also designed
the class so that groups that work well together will be rewarded.
Much of your hard work, then, should be directed toward coordinating
yourselves effectively.
You
will have two kinds of assignments - one with other members of
your group and the other more individually oriented. Your Group
Analysis assignments are designed to encourage you and your study
group to organize into a smoothly functioning, efficient team.
I will give you explicit instructions for each of your group analysis
assignments. The goal in these assignments is to make sure that
you and your study group are working together as effectively as
you possibly can. In the last class, each group will give a short
presentation to the class to introduce your study group. In this
presentation, you can share how your group is organized, how you
have conceptualized its identity, its General Rules for Group
Task Behavior, or anything else that you choose that would
be worthwhile sharing with the other study groups. This relates
back to our goal of a Learning Organization: each group's presentation
will be its way of contributing to the organization's general
knowledge about effective team functioning.
When
you begin working together, it should be no surprise that everyone
in your group will not necessarily do everything well. The concept
of division of labor is tried and true and you will certainly
want to make use of it within your groups. One of you may be the
best writer among the group; one may have the best quantitative
skills; one may have the best grasp of one topic; someone else
will have the best grasp of another topic. You will need to work
at working together. Duplicating rather than triplicating (is
that a word?) your efforts can be very effective, so that you
can act as checks and balances on each other. Working together
to take advantage of each of your independent sets of information
and skills is a major goal of this course.
Your
individual assignments during the course have several parts. Throughout
the course, I would like you to record ideas and insights that
you have thought about and learned from our classroom exercises
and discussions, our reading material, and everything else that
you have experienced in the program, i.e., other classes, orientation,
live-in week, conversations with your classmates, etc. More specifically,
the first part of your individual assignment is to build a "To
Do" list of actions that you can and will take to make you
a better leader. At our last class meeting, I would like you to
turn in your "To Do" list, prioritized and dated. This
means that you should have identified not only what you will do
but also when you will do it. This list is mostly for you, but
it will help me see how you are converting the program's material
to a real action plan.
Each
element in your list can be relatively brief. It can be a bullet
point with minimal explanation so that you don't forget what you
meant by it (!) and so that I can have an idea of what you will
actually do. If you would like to make it more specific and elaborate,
please do, but this is your call. I just need enough specificity
to get a good idea of your plans.
For
the second part of your individual assignment, I would like you
to think of a current, major project at work. Ideally this will
be a project that has real significance for your career. As you
progress with almost any project, you naturally consult people
who can help you succeed.
To
start this part of your assignment, I ask each of you to contact
two people. Both of them should be people with these characteristics:
(1) you have not communicated with them for at least three years
and (2) they have the potential for providing you with information,
knowledge, and/or advice to help you on this project. The two
contacts should differ in that one should be someone with whom
you once had a close or strong relationship and the other should
be someone with whom you once had a weak or distant relationship,
such as an acquaintance. Obviously, they should both have skills
or knowledge that are relevant to your efforts on this project.
Your
contacts with these two people, whom we think of as representing
"dormant" relationships, should be serious, i.e., you
should find them, reconnect, and seek out their help in terms
of getting information, knowledge, and/or advice to help you on
your project. Obviously, your discussions can also include other
topics. You can contact them as many times as you wish after this
first, renewed contact. Ideally, your interactions will be either
via the telephone or in-person, as email is what we call "a
diminished medium."
You
will complete this part of your assignment by submitting a report
that describes the work project, your role in it, how you contacted
your previous colleagues/friends, the nature of that contact,
and, most importantly, your analysis of its usefulness. This write-up
should be approximately 3-4 pages long (Times-Roman 12 point font,
double spaced, with 1-inch margins all around).
This
assignment has several purposes. First, it holds the promise of
real assistance for you and your project. Second, it might reactivate
a connection that could be very positive for you, for some time.
And third, if you choose, it can contribute to a research project
that two colleagues and I are initiating. I invite all of you
to assist us in this project; your assistance will be completely
voluntary. If you choose to help us, we will ask you to complete
two short questionnaires, one prior to making your two contacts
and the other after you have made them. [As an extra assist, please
do not start this assignment until we have offered you a chance
to participate in our research (i.e., fill out the first survey).
If you contact someone before you fill out the survey, it might
mess up our research. Thanks.]
The
third part of your individual assignment is an application story,
in which you describe a particular work situation and show how
concepts from the class could have enlightened, informed, or improved
what happened. Your application story should be an analytic document
in which you describe actual events that you have observed and
been involved in first-hand in the recent past and how they could
have gone much better with an application of material from this
course. A hint: stories that outline failures or downfalls that
could have been avoided tend to work better than successes that
could have been even more successful. "If only I had known
…" is a good way to think about these assignments.
This
should also be 3-4 typed pages (again, Times-Roman 12 pt. font,
double spaced, 1-inch margins). It should focus on analyses rather
than summaries. Your application story will do well to cover the
following four questions:
1. How do the important points in the course's material relate
to this story? (Be specific.)
2. How can these same concepts be applied in other situations
(at work, home, or socially)? (Be specific.)
3. What are the limits of these points (e.g., when would the morals
of your story not work)?
4. What can I do with this information to help me become a better
leader-manager-decision maker-negotiator-person?
The
three parts of your individual assignment are due at our last
class, October 21. Please submit all of your assignments in a
single, hard copy packet. (No special cover or binding is needed).
All
of your assignments are completely confidential - I will never
relate any of the details or the information included in them
to anyone. If I think your story is something that I would like
to discuss with someone else (e.g., future classes), I will ask
for your explicit permission first and you will determine how
I will tell the story (i.e., with or without names).
To
make great use of your stories, and to emphasize the Learning
Organization nature of this class, you are all invited and encouraged
to post your application stories to a special section of our class's
web page. Here's how this will work:
When
you've finished your application story, disguise the names of
the innocent (and maybe the guilty), if you wish, remove any confidential
company information, and post it on our class's web page. Just
go to our website, click on Communication and then Discussion
Board and post your story. If you have any trouble with the posting,
send it to me and I will make sure it's posted.
This
will be a location that you can check out anytime you wish. To
help organize things a bit, you might put a title on the story
to indicate the concepts that it relates to, e.g., A Real-Life
Gas Station Story. Be sure to identify yourself as the author,
too. I will review the submissions each week and may recognize
some of the writers publicly in class. Try not to wait until the
last week to submit your story. Everyone is strongly encouraged
to submit one.
As
to grade calculation, everyone within your study group will receive
the same grade for your group analyses, presentation, and final
report. This will account for half of your grade. The other half
will be an individual grade reflecting the quality of your individual
assignments and your contributions to the class.
Class
Participation and the posting of your application story will contribute
to your individual assignment grade. Quality participation rather
than quantity is much preferred. Stimulating arguments that lead
us farther into the realm of new ideas and new possibilities count
very positively. Quantity without content not only doesn't add,
it's aggravating - to everyone. So concentrate on participating
and contributing to our class interactions. In particular, everyone
appreciates people who ask questions since people often hesitate
to ask an important question, only to be saved by someone else
raising exactly the same issue. Questions are always encouraged.
Other
Highlights
There
will be no exam in this course. And you do not need to feel that
you are competing with the other members of the class or the other
study groups. Every person and every group can do well in this
class.
INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATIONS
EMP
69
Fall 2006
Live-in
Week and Module One
J.
KEITH MURNIGHAN
keithm@kellogg.northwestern.edu
847-467-3566
Reading
Material:
The Course Reading Packet, which includes several selections
from
J. Keith Murnighan, The Dynamics of Bargaining Games, Prentice
Hall.
J.
Keith Murnighan and John C. Mowen, The Art of High Stakes Decision
Making: Tough Calls in a Speed-Driven World, John Wiley &
Sons, 2001.
NOTE:
Readings should be completed AFTER each class. Please do
not read ahead.
THE
SCHEDULE
Live-In
Week Tuesday, September 5, 1-2:30 pm
Topics:
"Leadership in Action"
"An Introduction to Team Building"
Live-in
Week Wednesday, September 6, 4:30-6 pm
Topics:
"The Tennis Ball Exercise"
"Role Negotiation and Building an Effective Study Group"
Readings:
" LaFasto & Larson, "What makes a good team member?"
When Teams Work Best, 2001.
" Harrison, adapted by Murnighan, "Two Heads are Better
than One, but ... A Camel is a Horse designed by a Committee:
Using Role Negotiation to Work Together Effectively"
Live-in
Week Thursday, September 7, noon - 1:30 pm
Topics:
"Survey Results"
"Team Building II"
First
Day, Module 1 Sessions 1 & 2 Friday morning, September 15
Topics:
"Dilemmas of Cooperation and Competition"
"Causal Attributions"
Readings:
" Murnighan: Introduction, Gas Station Game, the Diamond
Bidding Game, and Envelopes and Money (Chapters 1, 2, 10, &
14)
Assignment:
Group Analysis II due September 23
QUIZ
CARTER RACING HANDOUT
Second
Day, Module 1 Sessions 3 and 4 Saturday morning, September 23
Class Topic:
"Individual and Group Decision Making"
Readings:
" Murnighan and Mowen, The Art of High Stakes Decision Making:
Tough Calls in a Speed-Driven World, Chapters 1-4.
NOTE:
Do not read Murnighan and Mowen, Chapter 5. Patience is
golden.
Assignment:
Group Analysis III due October 7
A
Big Day Sessions 5 and 6 Saturday morning, October 7
Class
Topics:
"Coordinating Groups"
"Group Interactions"
A Big Day (continued) Sessions 7 and 8 Saturday afternoon, October
7
Class
Topics:
"Effective, Positive Influence Strategies"
"Group Performance and Innovation"
Reading:
*Janis, "Groupthink"
Murnighan, "Group decision making: What strategies
should you use?"
*Amason, et al: Conflict: An Important Dimension in Successful
Mgmt Teams
Murnighan and Mowen, The Art of High Stakes Decision Making:
Tough Calls in a Speed-Driven World, Chapters 6 - 9.
Assignment:
Group Analysis IV due October 21
Prepare Group Presentation
NOTE:
Again, do not read Murnighan & Mowen, Chapter 5. Patience
is really golden.
Last
Day Sessions 9 and 10 Saturday morning, October 21
Class
Topics:
"Group Reports, Discussion, and Feedback"
"Individual Action in Group Settings"
Course Summary and Wrap-up
Reading:
Murnighan and Mowen, The Art of High-Stakes Decision Making,
Chapter 5!
Due
Today: All of your assignments
Assignment:
Group Analysis V
©
J. Keith Murnighan, 2006. Please do not cite or quote without
permission.