ACCOUNTING INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT
Eric L. Kohler Chair in Accounting, Professor of Accounting Information & Management
Professor Lys’ research has been published in prominent academic journals, including the Journal of Accounting and Economics, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Accounting Research, Journal of Business, and the Journal of Monetary Economics. His research investigates the stock price consequences that result from alternate financial reporting standards, changes in capital structure, changes in the money supply, and from corporate disclosures. He is an editor of the Journal of Accounting and Economics and has served on the editorial board of the Accounting Review. He is a member of the American Accounting Association.
In Kellogg’s MBA program, Professor Lys teaches courses in real estate finance, financial reporting, security analysis, and mergers and acquisitions. He co-teaches this course with a faculty member from Northwestern School of Law and the course is offered jointly to both business and law school students.
In Kellogg's Executive Master's Program, Professor Lys conducts a course on financial reporting, a course on security analysis, and a course on behavioral finance integrating both the economic and the behavioral perspective of financial decision-making. He was awarded the Outstanding Professor of the Year Award, Executive Masters’ Program 32 (1996), 35 (1997), 38 (1998), 44 (2000), and 46 (2000), and the Sidney J. Levy Teaching Award, Master of MBA Program 1998-99.
Professor Lys has consulted with Cox Communications, Ciba Chemical, General Electric, IBM, USX and Guidant Corporation. Professor Lys holds a Bachelor’s degree in Economics from the University of Bern, Switzerland, and a master and PhD in Accounting and Finance from the University of Rochester. He is fluent in three foreign languages: German, French, and Polish.
Corporate Capital Structure
Corporate Governance
Corporate Restructuring
Debt-Equity Choice
Financial Accounting
Financial Analysts
Financial Disclosure/Statements
Financial Reporting
Management Compensation
Mergers and Acquisitions
Pension Funds
Performance Evaluations
Real Estate
Security Analysis
- Recent Media Coverage
Chicago Tribune: Kraft given deadline to make a formal offer to Cadbury - 10/1/2009
Chicago Tribune: Kraft's quest for Cadbury could be sticky situation for company, CEO Irene Rosenfeld - 9/13/2009
Investor's Daily Business: Apple Board A Rubber Stamp? Who Cares - 8/21/2009
Reuters: IBM's Buyout of Sun Makes Sense - 4/3/2009
See all Kellogg in the Media
Gu and Xue (this issue) study the disciplining effect of independent analysts on the accuracy and forecast relevance of the forecasts of non-independent analysts. One of the intriguing results is that while independent analysts issue inferior forecasts, their presence appears to reduce the forecast bias, improve the forecast accuracy and increase the forecast relevance of forecasts issued by non-independent analysts. We explore alternative explanations for the Gu-Xue results. Our evidence of endogenous entry and exit of independent analysts provides a more compelling explanation for the reported results.
We document that accrual-based earnings management increased steadily from 1987 until the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in 2002, followed by a significant decline after the passage of SOX. Conversely, the level of real earnings management activities declined prior to SOX and increased significantly after the passage of SOX, suggesting that firms switched from accrual-based to real earnings management methods after the passage of SOX. We also document that the accrual-based earnings management activities were particularly high in the period immediately preceding SOX. Consistent with these results, we find that firms that just achieved important earnings benchmarks used less accruals and more real earnings management after SOX when compared to similar firms before SOX. In addition, our analysis provides evidence that the increases in accrual-based earnings management in the period preceding SOX were concurrent with increases in equity-based compensation. Our results suggest that stock-option components provide a differential set of incentives with regard to accrual-based earnings management. We document that while new options granted during the current period are negatively associated with income-increasing accrual-based earnings management, unexercised options are positively associated with income-increasing accrual-based earnings management.
We re-examine the existence of earnings announcement-day premia and find that they persist beyond the sample period used in prior studies (ending in 1988). The magnitude of the premia is lower for all sub-periods when we use the expected rather than actual announcement dates used in prior studies. Moreover, the premia are not present following earnings pre-announcements. Finally, we find that limits to arbitrage are a likely explanation for the continuing presence of the premia despite the fact that firms on earnings announcement dates have a significantly positive Jensen’s alpha and a higher Sharpe Ratio than on non-announcement dates.
Cost containment in the office is becoming more important secondary to increasing overhead costs and lower reimbursement. In an attempt to limit these particular expenditures we analyzed and restructured our methods of ordering, storing and distributing office supply inventory. Materials and Methods: In a large academic practice with 11 urologists and approximately 20,000 annual patient visits an attempt was made to decrease overhead costs using the principle of just in time inventory popularized by large manufacturing companies. We initially issued a return of excess and/or unused supplies from our office inventory stock room. Our main supply room was then centralized to contain office supplies for up to 4 weeks. The 12 individual clinic rooms were stocked with appropriate supplies to last 1 week. Limited access to the main supply room was established and a supply manager was established to log all input and output. Results: The initial credit for the return of unused/overstocked supplies was $10,107 in January 2004. Annual office supply charges in calendar year 2004 were $87,444 compared to charges in calendar year 2003 of $175,340. No stock outs occurred during year 2004 and all standing delivery orders were terminated. The total number of patient visits in calendar year 2004 was 20,170 compared to 19,455 in calendar year 2003. Conclusions: Decreasing overall inventory through accurate demand forecasting, judicious accounting, office supply centralization and just in time ordering is a potential area for significant overhead cost savings in a clinical practice.
Bradshaw, Richardson, and Sloan (BRS, 2006) develop a comprehensive measure of corporate financing activities, rather than focusing on individual categories of external financing, and find a negative relation between this measure and future stock returns and profitability. The authors interpret their findings as consistent with a misvaluation hypothesis. However, we show that once controlling for total accruals, the documented relation between external financing activities and future stock returns is not statistically significant. Incidentally, these findings are consistent with Richardson and Sloan (2003).
Abarbanell and Lehavy provide evidence that analysts' forecast errors are not normally distributed exhibiting a high occurrence of extreme negative forecast errors (left-tail asymmetry) and a high occurrence of small positive forecast errors (middle asymmetry). This is important for researchers who rely on techniques that are sensitive to the distributional assumptions of analysts' forecast errors. Many of the conclusions drawn by Abarbanell and Lehavy, however, are based on visual impressions (as opposed to formal empirical tests) or based on methods that are very sensitive to the empirical methods used (e.g., whether the serial correlation of forecast errors is caused by the left-tail asymmetry).
During the spring of 2000, the Internet Stock Index declined 45% in 10 weeks. Using a sample of direct and support (infrastructure) internet firms, this paper investigates whether the stock market decline could be attributed to new disclosures over the period (earnings reports, buy/sell recommendations, analyst forecast revisions, and web-traffic measures) or to a "reassessment" of the implications of pre-existing accounting information. We find only modest evidence that the spring 2000 decline was associated with new disclosures of web-traffic statistics, earnings, earnings forecasts, or auditors’ going-concern qualifications. We find that stock prices after the price decline and returns during the price drop are more significantly explained by 1999 annual report data then by new information. The traditional financial measures do not significantly outperform the explanatory power of New Economy measures when net income is used to proxy for earnings. However, when earnings are decomposed into gross profit, marketing expenses, research and development expenses and other, then the financial information significantly outstrips the non-financial information in describing Spring 2000 returns and valuations in March and May of 2000.
This paper provides a structure for analyzing the outstanding issues relating to accounting choice. We rely on the goals of the decision maker to classify accounting choices. Using this framework, we assess the extent to which our understanding of accounting choice has increased beyond that of the 1970s and 1980s. We conclude that the field has made modest progress in advancing the state of knowledge during the last decade. First, there have been few attempts to consider the role of multiple goals. Second, accounting research generally fails to distinguish appropriately between what is endogenous and exogenous. Finally, absent a theory, research has limited itself to the pathological use of accounting choice. There are, however, opportunities for future research on accounting choice. First, there is a need for greater evidence on the economic implications of the accounting choices. Second, there should be greater emphasis on the costs and benefits of addressing the various conflicts which drive accounting choice. Third, researchers should develop better theoretical models to guide empirical research.
This study examines the impact of regulatory capital and several of its determinants on bank managers' financing decisions and investors' interpretations of those decisions. The analysis is related to 2 streams of research. This study adds to the corporate finance literature that seeks to explain the market's reaction to security issuances by developing and testing a refined set of predictions of the demand for debt and equity capital using a sample of capital-regulated firms. It was found that bank managers' financing choices reflect their private information regarding the levels of regulatory capital, earnings and charge-offs in the issuance year. a negative market reaction to capital-increasing issuances and a positive reaction to capital-decreasing issuances are documented.
The work of Ohlson (1995) and Feltham and Ohlson (1995) had a profound impact on accounting research in the 1990’s. In this paper, we first discuss this valuation framework, identify its key features, and put it in the context of prior valuation models. We then review the numerous empirical studies that are based on these models. We find that most of these studies apply a residual income valuation model, without the information dynamics that are the key feature of the Feltham and Ohlson framework. We find that few studies have adequately evaluated the empirical validity of this framework. Moreover, the limited evidence on the validity of this valuation approach is mixed. We conclude that there are many opportunities to refine the theoretical framework and to test its empirical validity. Consequently, the praise many empiricists have given the models is premature.
This paper demonstrates that the evidence supporting the hypothesis that post-earnings announcement drift (PEAD) is caused by investors’ failure to incorporate the implications of current earnings for future earnings is (also) consistent with researchers’ over-differencing an already stationary time-series. Specifically, we show the evidence is driven by a subset of firms where over-differencing of quarterly earnings in estimating earnings surprises is most likely to have occurred. Given the persistence of the PEAD over time, our alternative explanation suggests that the prior research investigating the causes for the PEAD overestimates investors’ naivete.
In this study of sell-side analysts forecasts, we explore the effects of analyst aptitude, learning by-doing, and the internal environment of the brokerage house on forecast accuracy. Our results indicate that analysts’ aptitude and brokerage house characteristics are associated with forecast accuracy, while learning-by-doing is only associated with forecast accuracy when we do not control for analysts’ company-specific aptitude in forecasting. It is unlikely that this result is caused by measurement errors because it is robust when we use a sub-sample where we can accurately measure experience.
Accounting research uses R2 frequently, for example, as a measure of value relevance. Our analytical results show that the metric is unreliable in the presence of scale effects. Specifically, we show that R2s in levels regressions are higher in the presence of scale effects. Moreover, R2 is increasing in the scale factor's coefficient of variation. We conclude that it is invalid to make between sample comparisons of R2, whether the samples are drawn cross-sectionally or over time, unless the researcher controls for differences in the coefficient of variation of the scale factor across samples. Applying this theory empirically, we show that the finding of increasing value relevance in Collins, Maydew, and Weiss (1997) and Francis and Schipper (1999) are attributable to increases in the coefficient of variation of scale over time. After controlling for these effects, we find that there has been a decline in value relevance, as measured by R2.
AT&T's $7.5 billion acquisition of NCR decreased the wealth of AT&T shareholders by between $3.9 billlion and $6.5 billion and resulted in negative synergies of $1.3 to $3.0 billion. We find that AT&T paid a documented $50 million and possibly as much as $500 million to satisfy pooling accounting, thus boosting EPS by roughly 17% but leaving cash flows unchanged. We conclude that AT&T's decision to acquire NCR in what the markte percevied as a value-destroying transaction was related at least in part to the 1984 consent decree with the Department of Justice that led to the break-up of AT&T.
Passage of the of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) has led to an increase in voluntarily delistings of foreign firms from US stock exchanges. We examine whether the delisting decisions of these firms were motivated by the firms’ costs of complying with SOX or by the managers’ or controlling shareholders’ (MCOs) private costs due to loss of control rents after SOX. We take into account that many foreign firms cannot practically delist their American Depository Receipts (ADRs) even if they wanted to do so, and we document that firms which voluntarily delisted have weaker corporate governance than firms that maintained their US listings. Consistent with these results, we find that firms suffered a significant price decline in their home-markets in the days surrounding their delisting announcements. These results suggest that foreign firms with weaker corporate governance delisted to avoid complying with the corporate governance mandates of SOX - not because of the implementation costs that would be incurred by the firm, but because of the costs associated with the loss of private benefits that would be incurred by MCOs.
There are two widely held views in the literature regarding management’s motivations to manage earnings, and each has quite different implications for the resulting numbers’ ability to predict future firm operating cash flows. One view is that earnings management is motivated by managers’ attempt to sustain the overvaluation of the firm’s stock price and to enhance managers’ personal welfare by disguising the true underlying economic performance of the firm (opportunistic perspective). An alternative view is that managers manage earnings to reveal private value-relevant information about the future prospects of a firm (informational perspective). Using a sample of firms that have restated earnings, we show that originally reported (managed) earnings of firms classified as managing earnings for opportunistic reasons are less predictive of future cash flows relative to the restated (unmanaged) numbers. Conversely, we find that originally reported (managed) earnings of firms classified as managing earnings for informational reasons exhibit greater predictive ability with respect to future cash flows relative to restated (unmanaged) numbers. Returns analysis corroborates our classification of firms into opportunistic and informational subsamples and provides evidence that supports Jensen’s (2005) conjecture that overvaluation leads to value-destroying opportunistic earnings management. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that managed earnings exhibit different predictive ability of future cash flows depending on the apparent motivation behind the earnings management.
The apparent analyst optimistic bias is partly driven by the asymmetric accounting treatments of gains and losses. Relative to bad news, good news has a negative (marginal) effect on analyst forecast errors and revisions. Specifically, the positive association between stock returns and forecast errors is less pronounced for firms with positive returns than for those with negative returns. Similarly, the positive association between stock returns and forecast revisions is less pronounced for firms with positive returns. The forecasted earnings capitalization factor also increases over the forecasting period and the increase is strongly associated with good news. These results are particularly strong when news-unrelated conservatism is high, and partly explain both the apparent optimistic bias in the initial earnings forecast and the subsequent walk-down of the forecast toward the reported earnings number.
The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) introduced several governance reforms that considerably increased the total risk exposure of CEOs. We examine the effects of these regulatory changes on compensation contracts of CEOs and their effect on risk taking subsequent to SOX. We find that while over-all compensation did not change, salary and bonus compensation increased while option compensation decreased following the passage of SOX. The sensitivity of CEO’s wealth to changes in shareholder wealth also decreased after SOX. These results indicate that the pay for performance sensitivity of CEO compensation has declined following SOX. Our results indicate that these changes reduced investments research and development, and capital expenditures. We also document that the above changes in CEOs’ pay for performance sensitivities and their risky investments following SOX are associated with a reduction in stock return volatility. However, we do not find any evidence indicating that these changes are associated with lower future operating performance
This course counts toward the following majors: Accounting, Finance.
Many companies are able to identify potential merger partners where combinations can result in significant synergies or value creation. But less than half are able to execute the merger to claim the value created. This course provides the technical knowledge necessary to identify targets as well as prepare business and law practitioners for their future collaborations in the mergers and acquisitions field. The course is offered jointly by the Kellogg School of Management and Northwestern's Law School and is primarily targeted for those interested in planning, analyzing, executing or facilitating corporate acquisitions. Topics include economics of mergers and acquisitions, securities law and anti-trust regulation, financial reporting issues, tax implications, and economic and legal considerations.
This course focuses on research methods used to assess the impact of accounting information on capital markets. Students will become acquainted with issues, methodologies and implications through journal readings, an exam and empirical research projects.
Seminar in Empirical Research on the Economic Consequences of Accounting (ACCT-520-2)
In this survey of empirical research on positive accounting theory, students learn how to assess empirical studies and initiate and develop research projects by leading research paper discussions and replicating and extending existing research studies.
Financial Reporting Systems introduces generally accepted accounting principles and concepts and trains students to analyze financial statements.
Mergers & Acquisitions (ACCTX-444-A)
Securities Analysis (FINCX-463-0)
Securities Analysis focuses on the use of financial statement information, such as earning and cash flows, to value various corporate securities. The central questions to be answered are how risky is an investment strategy and what is one willing to pay for key corporate claims such as equity and debt.
Not By Numbers Alone: Influences on Financial Decisions (MORSX-464-0)
PHONE: 847-491-2673
FAX: 847-467-1202
Jacobs Center Room 6215